Merchants Without A King

Written by Studio AM.

Medieval merchants faced risks when trading far from home. A ship could be seized, a cargo taxed twice, a debt ignored in a foreign court. Beginning in the twelfth century, traders from the towns of northern Germany started to solve this together. They signed agreements, organized protection, and sought trading privileges in foreign ports. The loose network they built became known as the Hanseatic League.

It was never a country. It had no single king or fixed national borders. Its member towns could organize armed forces, but an important source of power was economic leverage. Cities such as Lubeck and Hamburg held important positions in trade connecting the herring and timber of the Baltic and the cloth and wine of the west. When a ruler broke an agreement, members could restrict trade with his ports to put pressure on him.

At its height the League linked well over a hundred towns and kept permanent trading houses in London, Bruges, Bergen and Novgorod. Its decline came slowly. Trade patterns changed, commercial rivals grew stronger, and rulers increasingly challenged the towns' privileges. The historic League's last assembly met in 1669.

Questions

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  1. Question 1 of 4

    The passage mainly explains

  2. Question 2 of 4

    Where did the League keep permanent trading houses?

  3. Question 3 of 4

    How could restrictions on trade put pressure on a ruler?

  4. Question 4 of 4

    In this passage, 'leverage' means

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