The Canal Across the Isthmus

Written by Studio AM.

A ship traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific once had to round South America to avoid crossing land at Panama. In the 1880s, a French-led canal project attempted a sea-level passage. Disease, terrain, engineering problems, and financial failure ended that effort.

The United States took over construction after Panama separated from Colombia in 1903 and granted the United States control in a canal zone. The politics involved pressure and unequal power, not only engineering. Workers came from many places, especially the Caribbean, and faced dangerous labor, disease, segregation, and unequal pay.

Builders chose a lock canal. A dam formed Gatun Lake, and lock chambers raised ships to the lake and lowered them on the other side. Excavators cut through hills while drainage and mosquito control reduced yellow fever and malaria.

The canal opened in 1914. It shortened sea routes and changed trade and naval planning. It also divided communities and placed a strip across Panama under foreign control. Panama gradually gained greater authority, receiving full control at the end of 1999. The canal's history joins engineering with labor, environmental change, and a long dispute over sovereignty.

Questions

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  1. Question 1 of 4

    What is the main idea of the passage?

  2. Question 2 of 4

    Why did builders use locks and a lake?

  3. Question 3 of 4

    What does “sovereignty” mean?

  4. Question 4 of 4

    When did Panama receive full control?

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