Make chance fair

Heads and tails need not be equally likely. Find a procedure that gives every output the same chance.

Whole procedures · Balance each group of equally likely sequences.

6 questions · No time limit

Example

Example

Example · Standard

Which procedure makes the 2 outputs equally likely for every allowed coin bias?

XFlip 1XFlip 2XFlip 3

Coin X has an unknown, fixed chance of heads. Every flip is independent. Each chance is strictly between 0 and 1.

Read the flips from left to right. H = heads; T = tails.
ProcedureOutput 1Output 2
ATTH
HTT
HTH
HHT
BHTH
HHT
TTH
HTT
CTTH
HTH
HTT
HHT

Any unlisted sequence means: discard the whole block and try again with fresh flips. Repeat the same procedure until it gives an output.

Ready to start?

Choose the procedure that makes all outputs equally likely for every allowed coin bias.

Help

Each coin has an unknown, fixed chance of heads strictly between zero and one. Every flip is independent. Read each block in order. A listed sequence gives its assigned output; otherwise discard the block and repeat the same procedure with fresh flips. Find a guarantee that holds for every allowed bias, not just a fair coin. Two named coins may have different biases.

Each round has six questions and no time limit. Choosing an answer locks it. Review the steps, then move to the next question. Finish all six to save the round. Active time includes reviewing the steps, but does not count time when this page is hidden. Speed does not affect your score.

Use Tab and Enter or Space to choose an answer. The number keys also select answers, except when another control is focused. After an answer, Enter goes to the next question.

Original practice puzzles, not a standardized assessment.

Share practice

View history

Keyboard shortcuts

Enter
Start or continue
?
Keyboard shortcuts
Esc
Close help or notes

Each practice may show additional keys.

Tab moves between controls. Enter or Space activates the focused control. Shortcuts pause while typing or viewing help.

About this practice

Heads and tails need not be equally likely. Find a procedure that gives every output the same chance.

Report a problem

Leave and lose today’s round?

This is your free round for today. If you leave, it ends.